Lagrangian Duality I. Definition

虑原始 Constrained Optimization Problem

$$ \begin{aligned} &\min; f({\bf x}) \ {\rm s.t.};;c_i({\bf x}) &\leq 0, ; i=1,2,\cdots,n \ h_j({\bf x}) &= 0, ; j = 1,2,\cdots,m\ \end{aligned} \tag{1} $$

其 Lagrangian 形式为

$$ \mathcal{L}({\bf x}, \boldsymbol{\alpha},\boldsymbol{\beta})=f({\bf x})+\boldsymbol{\alpha}^\top {\bf c}({\bf x})+\boldsymbol{\beta}^\top{\bf h}({\bf x}) $$

为了最小化 $\mathcal{L}({\bf x}, \boldsymbol{\alpha}, \boldsymbol{\beta})$,考虑函数

$$ \theta_P=\max_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}, \boldsymbol{\beta}}\mathcal{L}({\bf x}, \boldsymbol{\alpha}, \boldsymbol{\beta}) \ {\rm s.t.};; \alpha_i \geq 0,;i=1,2,\cdots,n $$

则有

$$ \theta_P(\boldsymbol{\alpha}, \boldsymbol{\beta}) = \begin{cases} f(\mathbf{x}) &\begin{cases} c_i(\mathbf{x}) \leq 0 &i = 1,2,\cdots,n \ h_j(\mathbf{x}) = 0 &j = 1,2,\cdots,m \end{cases} \ \infty &\text{others} \end{cases} $$

${\bf P{\scriptsize ROOF}.}$若 $\exists, i\in[1:n]$使得 $c_i({\bf x})\geq0$,则可调整 $\alpha_i$使 $\theta_P \rightarrow +\infty$;同理,若 $\exists, j \in [1:m]$ 使得$h_j({\bf x}) \neq 0$,则可调整$\beta_j h_j({\bf x})$ 使得$\theta_P \rightarrow +\infty$。$\blacksquare$

因此,$(1)$ 的最优解为

$$ p^* = \min_{\bf x}f({\bf x}) = \min_{\bf x}\max_{\boldsymbol{\alpha},\boldsymbol{\beta}}\mathcal{L}({\bf x},\boldsymbol{\alpha},\boldsymbol{\beta}) \ {\rm s.t.};; \alpha_i \geq 0,; i=1,2,\cdots,n $$

现在,为了逐步逼近 $p^*$,考虑找到 $(1)$ 的一个足够好的下界;注意到当方程组

$$ \left{ \begin{aligned} f({\bf x}) &< d^* \ {\bf c}({\bf x}) &\leq {\bf 0} \ {\bf h}({\bf x}) &= {\bf 0} \end{aligned} \right. \tag{2} $$

无解时,$d^$是 $p^$ 的一个下界。同时,$(2)$ 有解当且仅当对$\forall \boldsymbol{\alpha},\boldsymbol{\beta}$ 均有

$$ f({\bf x})+\boldsymbol{\alpha}^\top {\bf c}({\bf x})+\boldsymbol{\beta}^\top{\bf h}({\bf x}) < d^* \tag{3} $$

同时 $(3)$无解的充要条件是$\exists\boldsymbol{\alpha ‘},\boldsymbol{\beta ‘}$ 使得

$$ \min_{\bf x} \left( f({\bf x})+\boldsymbol{\alpha ‘}^\top{\bf c}({\bf x})+\boldsymbol{\beta ‘}^\top{\bf h}({\bf x}) \right) \geq d^* $$

由此,为了获得足够好的下界,可将上式取最大值

$$ \begin{aligned} d^* &= \max_{\boldsymbol{\alpha},\boldsymbol{\beta}}\min_{\bf x} \left( f({\bf x})+\boldsymbol{\alpha}^\top{\bf c}({\bf x})+\boldsymbol{\beta}^\top{\bf h}({\bf x}) \right) \ &= \max_{\boldsymbol{\alpha},\boldsymbol{\beta}}\min_{\bf x}\mathcal{L}({\bf x}, \boldsymbol{\alpha}, \boldsymbol{\beta}) \end{aligned} \tag{4} $$

注意到 $d^$与 $p^$对$\mathcal{L}({\bf x}, \boldsymbol{\alpha}, \boldsymbol{\beta})$ 取最值的顺序恰好相反,称$d^*$ 对应的问题是原问题的 Dual Problem。至此,引入函数

$$ \theta_D({\bf x}) = \max_{\boldsymbol{\alpha},\boldsymbol{\beta}}\mathcal{L}({\bf x}, \boldsymbol{\alpha}, \boldsymbol{\beta}) $$

定义 Dual Lagrangian 函数及其最优解

$$ d^* = \max_{\boldsymbol{\alpha},\boldsymbol{\beta}}\min_{\bf x}\mathcal{L}({\bf x}, \boldsymbol{\alpha}, \boldsymbol{\beta}) \ {\rm s.t.};; \boldsymbol{\alpha} \geq {\bf 0} $$

此时,给出如下定理:

${\bf T{\scriptsize HEOREM};1}.;;{\rm W{\scriptsize EAK};D{\scriptsize UALITY}.}$

假设 $p^$与$d^$ 均存在,则

$$ \boxed{d^* \leq p^*.} $$

${\bf P{\scriptsize ROOF}}.$ 易得

$$ \min_{\bf x}\mathcal{L}({\bf x}, \boldsymbol{\alpha}, \boldsymbol{\beta}) \leq ({\bf x}, \boldsymbol{\alpha}, \boldsymbol{\beta}) \leq \max_{\boldsymbol{\alpha},\boldsymbol{\beta}}\mathcal{L}({\bf x}, \boldsymbol{\alpha}, \boldsymbol{\beta}) $$

则有

$$ \begin{aligned} d^* &= \max_{\boldsymbol{\alpha},\boldsymbol{\beta}}\min_{x}\mathcal{L}({\bf x}, \boldsymbol{\alpha}, \boldsymbol{\beta}) \ &\leq \min_{\bf x}\max_{\boldsymbol{\alpha},\boldsymbol{\beta}}\mathcal{L}({\bf x}, \boldsymbol{\alpha}, \boldsymbol{\beta}) \ &= p^*;\blacksquare \end{aligned} $$

此时称 $(p^* - d^*)$ 为 Duality Gap.

${\bf N\scriptsize{OTE}}.$ 注意 Weak Duality 实际上对于一切优化问题均成立,而与原始问题是否为凸无关。

由此可给出如下引理:

${\bf C{\scriptsize OROLLARY};;1}.$若 $p^$与 $d^$ 均存在且有$p^* = d^$,则 Primal Problem 和 Dual Problem 的可行解$({\bf x}^, \boldsymbol{\alpha}^, \boldsymbol{\beta}^)$ 分别也是对应问题的最优解。

因此,一旦 $p^* = d^$成立,则可以经由计算 Dual Problem 来获得 Primal Problem 的解;称$p^ = d^*$ 为 Strong Duality。

updatedupdated2023-03-112023-03-11